R.S. Bernaldo & Associates

Overview:

The new standard is issued on January 13, 2016. It replaces all previous PFRS provisions on lease accounting (PAS 17, SIC 15, SIC 27 and IFRIC 4).  PFRS 16 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019.  Earlier application is permitted for entities that apply PFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers at or before the date of initial application of PFRS 16.

What changes can we expect?

With the new standard on Leases, the lessee will be required to recognize the majority of leases in its balance sheet. Lessor accounting will remain essentially unchanged. Lastly, disclosure requirements will increase significantly.

I.    Identifying a Lease

Assessment of whether a contract contains a lease or not

All of the following criteria must be met for a contract to contain a lease.                                                                                                   

a)          There is an identified asset that the customer has the right to use.

b)         The lessee obtains substantially all the economic benefits.

c)          The lessee has the right to direct the use of the asset.

 Determining Whether an Arrangement Contains a Lease Identified Asset

• The Lease Identified Asset must be explicitly or implicitly identified in the contract.
• There must be no substitution rights, meaning there is no practical ability to substitute the asset.
• The Leased Asset must be physically distinct.

 Separating Components of a Contract into Lease and Non-Lease

For a contract that is, or contains, a lease, an entity shall account for each lease component within the contract as a lease separately from non-lease components of the contract.

Lessee

Allocate the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of the relative stand-alone price of the lease component and the aggregate stand-alone price of the non-lease components.

The relative stand-alone price of lease and non-lease components shall be determined on the basis of the price the lessor, or a similar supplier, would charge an entity for that component, or a similar component, separately. If not readily available, the lessee shall estimate the stand-alone price, maximizing the use of observable information.

 Lessor

Allocate the consideration in the contract applying paragraphs 73–90 of PFRS 15.

II.              Lease Term

An entity shall determine the lease term by considering the following:

1. non-cancellable period of a lease;
2. periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and
3. periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

III.  Lessee Accounting

       Recognition

At the commencement date, a lessee is required to recognize assets and liabilities for all leases with a term of more than 12 months, unless the underlying asset is of low value.

      Initial Measurement

      Right of Use Asset

At the commencement date, a lessee shall measure the right-of-use asset at cost.

The cost of the right-of-use asset shall comprise:

• initial measurement of Lease Liability;
• any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, less any lease incentives received;
• any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee; and
• estimated dismantling/restoration cost.

       Lease liability

• Present value of lease payments that are not paid at that date (using interest rate implicit in the lease, or if not readily determinable, lessee’s incremental borrowing rate)

Lease Payments that are not paid at the commencement date includes the following:

• fixed payments;
  • exercise price of a purchase option only if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise;
  • amounts expected to be payable by the lessee under residual value guarantees;
  • variable lease paymentsthat depend on an index or a rate; and
    • payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease.

• Subsequent Measurement

    Right-of-Use Asset

After the commencement date, a lessee shall measure the right-of-use asset applying a cost model, unless it applies either of the other measurement models.

Measurement models

a)   Cost model

Measure the right-of-use asset at cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses and adjusted for any remeasurement of the lease liability.

b)  Fair Value Model

If a lessee applies the fair value model in PAS 40 Investment Property to its investment property, the lessee shall also apply that fair value model to right-of-use assets that meet the definition of investment property in PAS 40.

c)    Revaluation model

If right-of-use assets relate to a class of property, plant and equipment to which the lessee applies the revaluation model in PAS 16, a lessee may elect to apply that revaluation model to all of the right-of-use assets that relate to that class of property, plant and equipment.

   Lease liability

After the commencement date, a lessee shall measure the lease liability by:

a)          increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability;

b)         reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made; and

c)         remeasuring the carrying amount to reflect any reassessment or lease modifications or    to reflect revised in-substance fixed lease payments.

      Presentation

    Right-of-use asset

The Right-of-use asset can be presented in the Statement of Financial Position or disclose in the notes separately from other assets or under the same line item where it would be presented as if the asset is owned. Disclose in which line items in the statement of financial position include those right-of-use assets or presented as investment property if it meets the definition of an investment property

    Lease Liability

The lease liability can be presented as a separate line item or disclose on which line item in the liabilities section of the Statement of Financial Position it is included.

•  Disclosure Requirements

A lessee shall disclose information about its leases for which it is a lessee in a single note or separate section in its financial statements.

The lessee shall disclose the following:

ü  depreciation charge for right-of-use assets by class of underlying asset;

ü  interest expense on lease liabilities;

ü  the expense relating to short-term leases accounted for applying paragraph 6. This expense need not include the expense relating to leases with a lease term of one month or less;

ü  the expense relating to leases of low-value assets accounted for applying paragraph 6. This expense shall not include the expense relating to short-term leases of low-value assets

ü  the expense relating to variable lease payments not included in the measurement of lease liabilities;

ü  income from subleasing right-of-use assets;

ü  total cash outflow for leases;

ü  additions to right-of-use assets;

ü  gains or losses arising from sale and leaseback transactions; and

ü  the carrying amount of right-of-use assets at the end of the reporting period by class of underlying asset.

      Impact on Financial Metrics

Most commonly used financial ratios and performance metrics will be impacted, such as debt to equity ratio, current ratio, asset turnover, interest cover, EBIT, operating profit, net income.

     Tax Implications

The rules remain unchanged for tax purposes.

• For income tax purposes, the lessee may deduct the amount of rent paid or accrued from gross income, including all expenses under the lease agreement which the lessee is required to pay to or for the account of the lessor.  The difference between the rent expense and the sum of depreciation expense and interest expense is treated as future deductible expense and a deferred tax asset is recognized.

• For Value-Added Tax (VAT) purposes, the monthly payments to the lessor are reported monthly since this is subject to VAT upon payment, and not at the inception of the lease.

• For withholding tax purposes, the transaction remains a lease, which is subject to a 5% withholding tax.

       Transition Accounting and Effective Date

The effective date of PFRS 16 Leases is 1 January 2019. Early application is permitted but it can’t be applied before an entity that also adopts IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

There are two methods to adopt the new leases standard. A lessee may choose between full retrospective approach or a modified retrospective approach. The selected approach has to be applied to the entire lease portfolio.

    Full Retrospective Approach

The transition accounting under the full retrospective approach requires entities to retrospectively apply the new standard to each prior reporting period presented as required by PAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. Under this transition approach, entities need to adjust its equity at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented.

     Modified Retrospective Approach

Under this approach, a lessee does not restate comparative information. The date of initial application is the first day of the annual reporting period in which a lessee first applies the requirements of the new lease standard. At the date of initial application of the new lease standard, lessees recognize the cumulative effect of initial application as an adjustment to the opening balance of equity as of 1 January 2019. Comparative figures for the year ended December 31, 2018 are not restated to reflect the adoption of PFRS 16 but instead continue to reflect the lessee’s accounting policies under PAS 17 Leases.

The Firm cannot be held liable for any losses suffered as a result of reliance upon information contained in this memo. 

This is a property of R.S. Bernaldo & Associates.  Reproduction of any material included in the memo should be subject to the approval of the Editorial Board.

R.S. Bernaldo & Associates is a correspondent firm of the PKF International Limited family of legally independent firms and does not accept any responsibility or liability for the actions or inactions of any individual member or correspondent firm or firms.

Comments and suggestions are welcome.

• Rose Angeli S. Bernaldo

Partner | Quality and Compliance/ Training Partner

rose [dot] bernaldo [at] rsbernaldo [dot] com

• Anthony D. Paño

Quality Assurance Senior Manager/

Quality Assurance Leader

anthony [dot] pano [at] rsbernaldo [dot] com

• Mary Rose A. Lorilla

Senior Auditor/

Assistant Quality Assurance Leader

rose [dot] lorilla [at] rsbernaldo [dot] com

• Jean S. Losloso

Quality Assurance Associate/

Engagement Quality Control Review Leader

qau [at] rsbernaldo [dot] com

• Nikka Hazel M. Mendoza

Quality Assurance Associate/

Technical Consultation Leader

qau [at] rsbernaldo [dot] com

• Charmaine S. de Guzman

Quality Assurance Associate/

Learning and Training Leader

qau [at] rsbernaldo [dot] com